Killingworth_Steam_Engine rail_short_history_page early_railways British_origins origin_date_1814 Rail_transport rail_progress context_important travel_speed foot_travel_speed flying_wagons travel_time flying_wagon_travel_time horse-drawn_boat canal track_and_road ridgeway Roman_roads Roman_invasion Roman_withdrawal medieval_trade medieval_period rudimentary_roads parish_roads turnpike Wadesmill_turnpike turnpike turnpike_trusts fairer_sharing_of_burden early_turnpike turnpike_economics road’s_maintenance decaying_roads railways_undermine_turnpikes bicycle road_lobby Swing_Bridge 20th_century_road_improvement Keynsian_econmics re-engineered_roads rolling_aerodynamics_control ships boat Atlantic_ocean ocean desert sailing_ship building_controlling_boats agricultural_trade mineral_deposits mineral_trade global_scale new_lands Phoenician_trade Portuguese brig benefit_of_sailing_ship Africa bad_thing sail_power steamship screw_propellor steam_powered_ships beam_engines James_Watt_and_Joseph_Bramar fire_hazard steam_turbine steam_ships sailing_vessels rolling_resistance movement_of_heavy_goods international_trade Rijn_en Zon_windmill windmills land_yacht wind_power canals rivers land_variable Roman_canal Roman_canals Exeter Oxford-Burcot_Commission Aire_and_Calder_Navigation Aire_and_Calder_navigation access_to_London_market horse_drawn_vessels canals_jn_NE_England Tyne_canal Wear_canal Seaton_Sluice River_Tyne_banks geological_limitation banks_of_river_Tyne coal_mining early_coal_workings British_coalfields_19_century pits_went_deeper keelboat coal_tax keelmen waggonways staiths_Dunston railways wheels_and_roads locomotive railway_brief railway_construction wheel wheel_limits horse draught_animal roads beaten_track macadamised_road John_Louden_McAdam John_Loudon_McAdam John_McAdam Ayr_Turnpike Bristol_surveyor-general adoption_of_macadamised_roads Edgar_Purnell_Hooley early_road early_roads wet_conditions early_Roman_road Roman_road Roman_roads_Britain network_of_roads wooden_rails steel_roads edgerail_on_wooden_blocks edgerails early_waggonways Haytor_Granite_Tramway Haytor_Granite_tramway Welsh_waggonways Swansea_and_Mumbles_railway Mumbles_train tramways_significant motive_power original_engine hurrier_and_two_thrusters mining_conditions small_mines steam_engine savery_steam_engine Thomas_Savery Savery_engine Savery’s_fire_engine given_extension_by_Parliament Newcomen_atmospheric_engine Newcomen’s_piston_engine Thomas_Newcomen Newcomen_engine_works piston no_patent Watt_steam_engine Watt’s_condenser_engine James_Watt Boulton_and_Watt_engine powerful_machines real_power Blenkinsop_locomotives steel_wheel colliery_owners Brandling’s Blenkinsop’s_rack_locomotive Salamanca Blenkinsop’s_locomotives Bruntons_Steam_Horse Steam_Horse_locomotive William_Brunton Newbottle_Colliery_explosion regional_pride_enthusiast George_Stephenson Ralph_Dodds Blucher_1814 Blucher Hetton_colliery_railway Stockton_and_Darlington_railway_plan Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway finance Bolton_and_Leigh Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway Stephenson’s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_railway Rainhill_trials Leicester_and_Swannington_railway_route Leicester_and_Swannington_Railway Robert_Stephenson Robert_Stephenson_funeral memorial_service